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Countries · English

Countries, nationalities, languages. 109 English words, A1 through C2, with translations and example sentences.

A1

anthemnoun
anthem
The athletes stood proudly as their national anthem played.
capital citynoun
capital city
Paris is the capital city of France.
citizennoun
citizen
Every citizen has the right to vote in the election.
continentnoun
continent
Africa is the second largest continent in the world.
eastnoun
east
Japan is in the east of Asia.
electionnoun
election
The election will be held on the first Sunday of May.
flagnoun
flag
The national flag flies above government buildings.
independencenoun
independence
The country gained independence in 1960.
monarchynoun
monarchy
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy.
nationnoun
nation
The whole nation celebrated the victory.
nationalitynoun
nationality
Her nationality is French, but she lives abroad.
northnoun
north
Canada lies to the north of the United States.
parliamentnoun
parliament
The parliament debated the new law for three days.
presidentnoun
president
The president gave a speech on national television.
prime ministernoun
prime minister
The prime minister announced new economic reforms.
provincenoun
province
Quebec is a French-speaking province of Canada.
regionnoun
region
The northern region has a very different climate.
republicnoun
republic
France is a republic with an elected president.
southnoun
south
Australia is in the southern hemisphere.
statenoun
state
Each state in the USA has its own laws.
villagenoun
village
The village has one small store.
westnoun
west
Portugal is on the western edge of Europe.

A2Premium

aidnoun
aid
International aid arrived quickly after the earthquake.
alliancenoun
alliance
The two countries formed a military alliance for mutual defense.
ambassadornoun
ambassador
The ambassador presented his credentials to the head of state.
ceasefirenoun
ceasefire
Both sides agreed to a temporary ceasefire.
charitynoun
charity
Several international charities operate in the conflict zone.
civil warnoun
civil war
The civil war divided the country for a decade.
colonynoun
colony
India was a British colony until 1947.
constitutionnoun
constitution
The constitution guarantees freedom of speech and religion.
coupnoun
coup
The military staged a coup and seized power overnight.
delegatenoun
delegate
Each country sent a delegate to the international conference.
democracynoun
democracy
In a democracy, citizens elect their representatives.
dictatorshipnoun
dictatorship
The country suffered under a dictatorship for thirty years.
diplomatnoun
diplomat
The diplomat worked to resolve the border dispute peacefully.
empirenoun
empire
The Roman Empire stretched across much of Europe and North Africa.
exportnoun
export
Oil is the country's main export.
foreign ministernoun
foreign minister
The foreign ministers of both countries met for talks.
foreign policynoun
foreign policy
The new government announced a shift in foreign policy.
importnoun
import
The nation relies heavily on the import of food.
peacenoun
peace
The two sides finally agreed to a lasting peace.
populationnoun
population
India has a population of over one billion people.
povertynoun
poverty
Millions of people in the world still live in poverty.
sanctionnoun
sanction
Economic sanctions were imposed on the country after the invasion.
summitnoun
summit
World leaders met at the climate summit to discuss emissions.
trade agreementnoun
trade agreement
The two nations signed a free trade agreement.
treatynoun
treaty
The peace treaty ended the war between the two nations.
wealthnoun
wealth
The gap between wealth and poverty is widening globally.

B1Premium

aid organizationnoun
aid organization
Aid organizations struggled to reach victims in the remote mountains.
archipelagonoun
archipelago
Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago by number of islands.
autocracynoun
autocracy
Under an autocracy, one person holds unchecked political power.
bilateraladj
bilateral
The two countries signed a bilateral defense agreement.
censusnoun
census
The census is conducted every ten years to count the population.
colonialismnoun
colonialism
Colonialism left deep economic and cultural legacies in Africa and Asia.
colonizeverb
colonize
Europeans colonized much of the Americas from the sixteenth century.
decolonizationnoun
decolonization
The wave of decolonization after 1945 reshaped the world map.
embassy districtnoun
embassy district
The embassy district is heavily guarded by police and private security.
federationnoun
federation
Germany is a federal republic composed of sixteen states.
foreign aidnoun
foreign aid
Foreign aid accounts for twenty per cent of the national budget.
GDPnoun
GDP
The country's GDP grew by three per cent last year.
geopoliticsnoun
geopolitics
The pipeline route was shaped by geopolitics as much as economics.
head of statenoun
head of state
The head of state welcomed the visiting delegation at the palace.
humanitarianadj
humanitarian
Humanitarian workers delivered food and medicine to the displaced.
landlockedadj
landlocked
Switzerland and Austria are landlocked countries in central Europe.
multilateraladj
multilateral
The environmental agreement was a multilateral effort involving fifty nations.
non-governmentaladj
non-governmental
Non-governmental organizations play a key role in delivering aid.
nuclear powernoun
nuclear power
A nuclear power must handle its arsenal with extreme care.
peacekeepernoun
peacekeeper
UN peacekeepers were deployed to maintain the ceasefire.
peninsulanoun
peninsula
Spain and Portugal share the Iberian Peninsula.
protectoratenoun
protectorate
The territory was placed under a protectorate until it could govern itself.
ratifyverb
ratify
All member states must ratify the treaty for it to take effect.
secessionnoun
secession
The region voted for secession from the central government.
sovereigntynoun
sovereignty
Sovereignty means a state has supreme authority over its territory.
supranationaladj
supranational
The EU is a supranational body with authority over member states.
unilateraladj
unilateral
The government took unilateral action without consulting its allies.
vetonoun
veto
Any permanent member of the Security Council can use its veto.

B2Premium

annexationnoun
annexation
The annexation of the territory was condemned by the United Nations.
arms racenoun
arms race
The arms race between the two superpowers threatened global security.
cold warnoun
cold war
The cold war between the superpowers shaped global politics for forty years.
coup d'étatnoun
coup d'état
The coup d'état removed the elected government in a single night.
diasporanoun
diaspora
The Irish diaspora is spread across many English-speaking countries.
failed statenoun
failed state
When institutions collapse and the rule of law breaks down, a country risks becoming a failed state.
hard powernoun
hard power
Military intervention is the most obvious expression of hard power.
nation-statenoun
nation-state
The concept of the nation-state emerged in Europe after the Peace of Westphalia.
nationalismnoun
nationalism
Resurgent nationalism led several regions to push for independence.
occupationnoun
occupation
The military occupation lasted five years before peace was restored.
oligarchynoun
oligarchy
Critics argued the country had become an oligarchy controlled by a small elite.
proxy warnoun
proxy war
The two superpowers fought a proxy war in the region through rival factions.
soft powernoun
soft power
Cultural exports are a key instrument of soft power.
sphere of influencenoun
sphere of influence
The region has historically been within Russia's sphere of influence.

C1Premium

demilitarized zonenoun
demilitarized zone
A demilitarized zone was established along the contested frontier.
partitionnoun
partition
The partition of the country along ethnic lines caused mass displacement.
realpolitiknoun
realpolitik
The alliance was driven by realpolitik rather than shared values.
recognitionnoun
recognition
Diplomatic recognition was withheld pending free and fair elections.
reparationsnoun
reparations
After the war, the defeated nation paid reparations to those it had harmed.
self-determinationnoun
self-determination
The right to self-determination is enshrined in the UN Charter.
separatismnoun
separatism
Separatism in the northern provinces threatened the unity of the state.
staunchadj
staunch
She is a staunch ally of the reform.
territorial integritynoun
territorial integrity
The resolution reaffirmed the principle of territorial integrity.
theocracynoun
theocracy
Iran has been described as a theocracy since the 1979 revolution.
totalitarianismnoun
totalitarianism
Totalitarianism demands complete submission to state authority.

C2Premium

diplomacynoun
diplomacy
The crisis was resolved through diplomacy.
embargonoun
embargo
The trade embargo crippled the economy.
expansionismnoun
expansionism
Neighbors feared the empire’s expansionism.
imperialismnoun
imperialism
The war was driven by imperialism.
quintessentialadj
quintessential
Afternoon tea is the quintessential English tradition.
regimenoun
regime
The regime suppressed all dissent.
repudiateverb
repudiate
The new government repudiated the treaty.
unequivocaladj
unequivocal
The government issued an unequivocal denial.

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